Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP)

Microsoft Certificate Professional (MCP)
Introduction to Windows XP Professional
Here you will get the information how to install, configure, and support Microsoft Windows XP Professional. It also provides a look at some of the areas in which Microsoft has enhanced Windows XP with Windows XP Service Pack 2.
Available Windows XP Editions
There are a number of different editions of Windows XP, each of which is designed for different users and computing devices. The following editions are part of the Windows family:
■ Windows XP Professional Edition
■ Windows XP Home Edition
■ Windows XP Media Center Edition
■ Windows XP Tablet PC Edition
■ Windows XP 64-Bit Edition
Windows XP Professional Edition is intended for computers that are part of a corporate network, for the majority of computers on small networks, and for home users who need certain advanced capabilities. Windows XP Professional sets the standard for desktop performance, security, and reliability. Windows XP Professional is also the focus of both this book and Exam 70-270: Installing, Configuring, and Administering Microsoft Windows XP Professional. Windows XP Home Edition Windows XP Home Edition, which is intended for home users, simplifies many aspects of networking and file management so that home users have a cleaner experience. In particular, Windows XP Home Edition has the following limitations compared with Windows XP Professional:
■ Computers running Windows XP Home Edition cannot join a domain.
■ Windows XP Home Edition does not support the use of NTFS or print permissions. Instead, Windows XP Home Edition supports only Simple File Sharing. You will learn more about NTFS permissions, “Securing Resources with NTFS Permissions.” “Managing Printers and Documents.”
■ Windows XP Home Edition does not support the use of dynamic disks, which you will learn about in Chapter 10, “Managing Data Storage.”
■ Windows XP Home Edition does not support the Encrypting File System (EFS)
■ Windows XP Home Edition supports only one processor, whereas Windows XP Professional supports two processors.
■ Windows XP Home Edition does not include Internet Information Services.
■ Windows XP Home Edition does not include Remote Desktop.
■ Windows XP Home Edition does not provide Remote Installation Services (RIS) support “Deploying Windows XP Professional”.
Windows XP Media Center Edition
The Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004 operating system is available only on new Media Center PCs—computers with special hardware features that enable users to connect the computer as an integral part of a home entertainment system. Because of its special requirements, Media Center PCs running Windows XP Media Center Edition are available only from Microsoft PC manufacturer partners.
As part of a major effort to increase the security of desktop computers, in 2004, Microsoft is releasing an update to Windows XP named Windows XP Service Pack 2. As with all Windows service packs, Windows XP Service Pack 2 includes all of the critical updates released for Windows XP to date. In addition, Service Pack 2 includes a large number of new enhancements to Windows XP—enhancements aimed at increasing
the default level of security for the operating system. In addition to a new Security Center that provides at-a-glance security status for a computer, Service Pack 2 provides enhancements to the built-in software firewall in Windows XP (now named Microsoft Windows Firewall), to the Automatic Updates feature, and to Microsoft Internet Explorer.
How to Determine Whether Service Pack 2 Is Installed
Aside from simply looking for new enhancements to the interface (such as the Security Center), you can determine whether Service Pack 2 (or any Service Pack, for that matter) is installed in one of two ways:
■ From the Start menu, right-click My Computer and click Properties. The General tab of the System Properties dialog box (in the System section) allows you to know which version of Windows and which Service Pack is installed.
■ From the Start menu, click Run. In the Run dialog box, type winver.exe and click OK. The About Windows dialog box shows you the exact version of Windows (including Service Pack), down to the build number.
Windows XP Professional supports two types of network environments in which users can share common resources, regardless of network size. A workgroup consists of a number of peer-based computers, with each maintaining its own security. A domain consists of servers that maintain centralized security and directory structures and workstations that participate in those structures.
How Workgroups Work
A Windows XP Professional workgroup is a logical grouping of networked computers that share resources, such as files and printers. A workgroup is also called a peer-to peer network because all computers in the workgroup can share resources as equals (peers) without requiring a dedicated server. Each computer in the workgroup maintains a local security database, which is a list of user accounts and resource security information for the computer on which it resides. Using a local security database on each workstation decentralizes the administration of user accounts and resource security in a workgroup. Figure 1-4 shows a local security database.
Note A workgroup can contain computers running a server operating system, such as Windows Server 2003, as long as the server is not configured as a domain controller (in other words, as long as no domain is present). In a workgroup, a computer running Windows Server 2003 is called a stand-alone server. Because workgroups have decentralized administration and security, the following are true:
■ A user must have a user account on a local computer if that user wants to log on to that computer locally (that is, by sitting down at that computer).
■ Any changes to user accounts, such as changing a user’s password or adding a new user account, must be made on each computer in the workgroup. If you forget to add a new user account to one of the computers in your workgroup, the new user cannot log on to that computer and cannot access resources on it.
Workgroups provide the following advantages:
■ Workgroups do not require a domain controller to hold centralized security information, making workgroups much simpler to configure and manage.
■ Workgroups are simple to design and implement. Workgroups do not require the extensive planning and administration that a domain requires.
■ Workgroups provide a convenient networking environment for a limited number of computers in close proximity. However, a workgroup becomes impractical in environments with more than 10 computers.
How Domains Work
A domain is a logical grouping of network computers that share a central directory database. A directory database contains user accounts and security information for the domain. This database, which is known as the directory, is the database portion of Active Directory service—the Windows 2003 directory service. In a domain, the directory resides on computers that are configured as domain controllers. A domain controller is a server that manages all security-related aspects of user and domain interactions, centralizing security and administration.
Exam Tip You can designate only a computer running Microsoft Windows 2000 Server or Windows Server 2003 as a domain controller. If all computers on the network are running Windows XP Professional, the only type of network available is a workgroup.

Before You Begin
Overview of Pre installation Tasks
Before you start the installation, you should complete the following tasks:
Ensure that your hardware meets the requirements for installing Windows XP Professional.
Determine whether your hardware is in the Windows Catalog.
Decide how you will partition the hard disk on which you will install Windows XP Professional.
Choose a file system for the installation partition.
Determine whether your computer will join a domain or a workgroup.
Complete a pre installation checklist.
Windows XP Professional Hardware Requirements:
Before installing Windows XP Professional, you must determine whether your hardware meets or exceeds the minimum requirements for installing and operating Windows XP Professional.
Component Requirements
Central processing Unit (CPU)
Pentium 233 megahertz (MHz) or equivalent. Memory 64 megabytes (MB) minimum; 128 MB recommended; 4 gigabytes (GB) of Random Access Memory (RAM) maximum, Hard disk space 1.5 GB of free disk space for installing Windows XP Professional. You should also have several additional gigabytes of hard disk space to allow for updates, additional Windows components, applications, and user data. Networking Network adapter card and a network cable, if necessary. Display Video display adapter and monitor with Video Graphics Adapter (VGA) resolution or higher. Other drives CD-ROM drive, 12X or faster recommended (not required for installing Windows XP Professional over a network), or DVD drive. High-density 3.5-inch disk drive as drive A, unless the computer supports starting the Setup program from a CD-ROM or DVD drive. Accessories Keyboard and Microsoft-compatible mouse or other pointing device.
The Windows XP Professional Setup program examines the hard disk to determine its existing configuration. Setup then allows you to install Windows XP Professional on an existing partition or to create a new partition on which to install it.
A disk partition is a logical section of a hard disk on which the computer can write data. Partitions offer a way to divide the space on a single physical hard disk into multiple areas, each of which is treated as a different disk within Windows. Some people create separate partitions to help organize their files. For example, you might store the Windows system files and application files on one partition, user-created documents on another partition, and backup files on another partition. Another reason to use multiple partitions is to isolate operating systems from one another when you install more than one operating system on a computer. Although it is technically possible to install some operating systems on the same partition, Microsoft does not recommend or support this practice. You should always create a separate partition for each operating system. Depending on the hard disk configuration, do one of the following procedures during installation.
If the hard disk is not partitioned, create and size the Windows XP Professional partition. Unless you have a specific reason to create multiple partitions (such as for multiple operating systems or to have a separate partition for document storage), you should create one partition that uses all available drive space.
If an existing partition is large enough, install Windows XP Professional on that partition. Installing on an existing partition might overwrite any existing operating system files.
If the existing partition is not large enough, delete it and combine it with other partitions on the same physical disk to provide more un-partitioned disk space for creating the Windows XP Professional partition.
Although you can use Setup to create other partitions, you should create and size only the partition on which you will install Windows XP Professional. After you install Windows XP Professional, use the Disk Management snap-in of the Computer Management console to partition any remaining un-partitioned space on the hard disk. Disk Management is much easier to use for disk partitioning than Setup.
FAT: Although Windows Setup references only file allocation table (FAT), there are actually two versions of FAT: FAT and FAT32. FAT is a 16-bit file system used in older versions of Windows. FAT32 is a 32-bit file system supported by Windows 95 original equipment manufacturer (OEM) Service Release 2, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000, and Windows XP.
NTFS The preferred file system for Windows XP, NTFS provides more security and flexibility than FAT32. Microsoft recommends that you always use NTFS unless there is a specific reason to use another file system (such as when you are installing more than one operating system on a computer and one of those operating systems does not recognize NTFS partitions). NTFS is supported by Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows 2003 Server.
NTFS: It supports; File-level and folder-level security, Disk compression, File encryption and Disk Quota.
FAT/FAT32: It doesn't support File-level and folder-level security, Disk compression, File encryption and Disk Quota.Unless you are installing Windows XP Professional on a multiple-boot computer that also has an operating system that cannot access NTFS partitions (such as Windows 98), you should always use NTFS.
FAT and FAT32:
FAT and FAT32 offer compatibility with other operating systems. You must format the system partition with either FAT or FAT32 if you will dual boot Windows XP Professional and another operating system that requires FAT or FAT32.
FAT and FAT32 do not offer many of the features (for example, file-level security) that NTFS supports. Therefore, in most situations, you should format the hard disk with NTFS. The only reason to use FAT or FAT32 is for dual booting with an older operating system that does not support NTFS. If you are setting up a computer for dual booting, you need to format the system partition that contains the older version of Windows with FAT or FAT32. For example, if drive C is the system partition that holds Windows 98, you could format drive C as FAT or FAT32. You should then format the system partition that will hold Windows XP as NTFS. Finally, for multiple booting to be successful, the boot partition must be formatted using a file system that all installed operating systems can access. For example, if you are dual-booting between Windows XP and Windows 95, the boot partition (as well as the system partition on which Windows 95 is installed) would have to be formatted with FAT. Converting a FAT or FAT32 Volume to NTFS Windows XP Professional provides the Convert command for converting a partition to NTFS without reformatting the partition and losing all the information on the partition. To use the Convert command, click Start, click Run, type cmd in the Open text box, and then click OK. This opens a command prompt, which you use to request the Convert command. The following example shows how you might use switches with the Convert command.
Convert volume /FS: NTFS [/V] [/CvtArea: filename] [/No Security] [/X]
If you convert a system volume (or any volume that has files that are currently in use), the Convert command might not be able to convert the drive right away. Instead, Windows schedules the conversion to happen the next time Windows is restarted. If you are planning on dual booting your computer with an operating system that does not support NTFS, your C drive cannot be formatted with NTFS. You might want to install Windows XP Professional in a different drive and format that drive with NTFS. If you plan to dual boot your computer with an operating system that does not support NTFS, your C drive cannot be formatted with NTFS. You might want to install Windows XP Professional in a different drive, and then format that drive with NTFS. If you install Windows XP Professional on a drive other than the C drive, you must be sure you are using the correct drive for the rest of the practices in the training kit. You can also delete partitions at this time. If you have a C partition, you might not be able to delete it because Setup has already loaded some files onto it. The partition you choose to use must be at least 2000 MB in size. If you cannot use the C partition to install Windows XP Professional, you must replace the C partition in all following practices in this training kit with the appropriate partition, the one on which you install Windows XP Professional. Depending on the operating system currently installed on the C partition, Setup might display the following message: A Windows Folder Already Exists That May Contain a Windows Installation. If You Continue, The Existing Windows Installation Will Be Overwritten. If You Want To Keep Both Operating Systems, Press Esc And Specify A Different Folder To Use. If your computer is on a network, check with the network administrator before assigning a name to your computer.
Upgrade from Upgrade To
Windows NT 3.1, 3.5, or 3.51 initially upgrade to Windows NT 4.0 Workstation, then Windows XP Professional
Windows 95 first upgrade it to Windows 98 and then upgrade Windows XP Professional
Windows 98 can upgrade directly to Windows XP Professional
Windows Me Windows XP Professional
Windows NT Workstation 4.0 can upgrade directly to Windows XP Professional
With Service Pack 6 or later
Windows 2000 Professional can be upgraded to Windows XP Professional
Windows XP Home Edition also cab be upgraded to Windows XP Professional
File systems:
FAT, FAT32 and NTFS: The file systems supported by the operating system Windows XP professional are FAT, FAT32 (File Allocation Table) and NTFS (New Technology File System).
Windows 98 supports only FAT but Windows XP professional supports FAT16/FAT32 and NTFS. So WIN-98 doesn’t have dual booting systems.
Tips:
If you give the first boot configuration form CD drive, while booting time, it gives form CD. That time if you want to start the computer from CD press the any key before it gives 5 dots other wise it will starts form hard disk. (From CD….)
There two type to operating systems i.e. SOS (Server Operating System) and NOS (Normal Operating System)
For XP professional the pc must be more than Pentium II.

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Tourism in Nepal

Tourism in Nepal
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This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)
Tourism is the largest industry in Nepal; the largest source of foreign exchange and revenue. Possessing 8 of the 10 highest mountains in the world, Nepal is a hotspot destination for mountaineers, rock climbers and people seeking adventures. The Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Nepal, and its cold weather are also strong attractions.
Contents[hide]
1 About Nepal
2 Problems of tourism
3 Benefits of Tourism
4 KEEP Nepal
5 References
6 External links
//

[edit] About Nepal
Nepal is a country lying between China on the North and India on the South. It is a landlocked country on the collision zone between two plates, so large mountain ranges are formed in the creasing – including the Pahar Hill region and the Mountain region, both with large altitudes and populated valleys. Tourism is especially large in Mount Everest and a large amount of conflict has arisen there – as we will study later. Mountaineers with ambitions to travel, view and climb the spectacular slopes come in their ten thousands. 39% of the GDP comes from agriculture; 76% of people use it as their principle employment. Services (which would include tourism) equal 42% and industry 21%. The lack of natural resources means that agriculture is the main primary industry, while tourism probably the main tertiary. Main exports are clothing, leather, jute goods and grain.
There are lots of places to visit in Nepal. That is why people often term Nepal as "a place where there are more temples than houses". Similarly because of Gods and Goddesses we term it as a place where the number of gods and goddess is more than the population of people.
Inside the Kathmandu Valley, there is lots of sight seeing. For example, you can go to Kasthamandap which was build of one tree, Pashupati nath of the capital and several other temples, historical places and monuments.
However, one of the most amazing thing of the Kathmandu Valley is the excellent view of the valley from all the hilltops!
Similarly when one goes outside of the valley, he or she can see countless natural beauties never explored. Tourists stare with amazements of the gift of God to the Himalayan Kingdom. Nepal is a must visit place.

[edit] Problems of tourism

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (July 2008)
Tourism began in Nepal as people discovered the land around the tallest peak in the world, Mt. Everest. Development around Mt. Everest was slow to start, however the scenery waiting to be viewed would soon attract many tourists. So tourism began: people had ambitions to climb the slopes of the great mountain, and, as always, local people began to expand their living to fit that of the tourists and began to, in some areas, become richer and more developed. However, visitors would share their culture, good or bad, and this had some major disadvantages, principally litter. Locals also began to, as they used more developed equipment, drop litter on the slopes that no-one wanted to take down. This includes oxygen bottles, bottles of water, snack bars and tissues etc – all of what we enjoy at home, but without any bins. Landfill sites were set up.
Other problems include the volume of tourists wearing the mountain away, which causes mudslides through erosion which can be deadly for lower communities. Trees are cut down at an alarming rate, adding to this problem – a tourist uses three times more wood then a Sherpa. In the towns, toilet facilities involve no sewage system, and therefore local water, which the people are used to it being clean, is neglected and polluted with human waste. Locals, who can’t afford the bottled water that tourists are buying have no real choice about using the polluted water and suffer the increased health costs and deadly diseases. Now tourists are buying and pushing up the price of products that the locals are selling, agriculture in growing potatoes for the local population has decreased and problems have occurred because of the price rise: locals can no longer buy their community’s food and often must either eat less or find another way to make a living. Large non-localised organisations often refuse responsibility concerning waste, forcing local people to clean up to keep the area attractive to tourists.

[edit] Benefits of Tourism
Tourism is big business in Nepal. Local people can benefit and develop their lives out of poverty with tourism, despite the fact that tourists can dilute the culture and often damage the local area. Tourism can lead to development, such as healthcare and cleaner water, and this can be good if tourism is sustained long enough for people to demand those services, but again many disadvantages can come with this. The industry can also act as a substitute to other methods of income, such as agriculture or secondary industry, which may start to struggle.

[edit] KEEP Nepal
The Kathmandu Environmental Education Project (KEEP) aims are twofold: to provide impartial and independent information to travellers, and to ensure the future ecological and cultural prosperity of Nepal through positive impact tourism and outreach project work. Recently KEEP has become involved in programmes aimed at poverty alleviation and the empowerment of women.A donation from every Nepalese cycling or trekking trip we run will be made to KEEP[1]

Kathmandu Nepal

When you arrive in Kathmandu in Nepal the first thing you notice is that you can buy everything. As the Lonely Planet Guide states it's like getting to Disneyland.
This is the first view that meets you when you wake up the morning after the 20 beers. The wonderful view over Kathmandu.
Color Festival
One of my first days in Kathmandu, a color festival was on. This means that you get bombarded with red colorn bombs from the rooftops of all the houses. And I mean all of the rooftops.
Bad boys
Well.. Peter and I was hanging out with Mette and Michael that day. The situation was something like this: Mette and Michael were on a all Asian tour so they only had the clothes they are walking in, and couldn't really afford losing any of it. So when these 5 young boys started throwing black ink on your clothes we got a bit upset.
On the picture you can see the police arriving!